Risk of sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: evaluation of the SARC-F and SARC-CalF as screening tools / Risco de sarcopenia em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2: avaliação do SARC-F e SARC-CalF como ferramentas para rastreamento

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic power of SARC-F and SARC-CalF as screening tools for sarcopenia risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 128 patients was conducted at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of a hospital in Recife, Brazil between July 2022 and February 2023. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to original and updated European Consensus criteria for older adults. Muscle mass was assessed with electrical bioimpedance, muscle strength was assessed with a handgrip test, and physical performance was assessed with gait speed. Sarcopenia risk was assessed using the SARC-F and SARC-CalF instruments. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve were analyzed to determine the best diagnostic performance. Results: According to the original and updated versions of the European Consensus criteria, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 25.00% and 10.90%, respectively. Sarcopenia risk was 17.20% according to the SARC-F and 23.40% according to the SARC-CalF. The sensitivity and specificity of the SARC-F ranged from 12.55% to 36.11% and 71.87% to 92.39%, respectively, while those of the SARC-CalF ranged from 47.22% to 85.71% and 82.46% to 88.89%, respectively. The area under the curve for the SARC-F and SARC-CalF varied between 0.51 and 0.71 and 0.67 and 0.86, respectively. Conclusions: The SARC-CalF had better diagnostic performance for all analyzed diagnostic criteria. Adding calf circumference to the SARC-F was an effective screening method for sarcopenia risk in the study population

Objetivo: Avaliar o poder diagnóstico do SARC-F e SARC-CalF como ferramentas de rastreamento para o risco de sarcopenia em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 128 pacientes desenvolvido no ambulatório de endocrinologia de um hospital do Recife entre julho de 2022 e fevereiro de 2023. A sarcopenia foi diagnosticada de acordo com os critérios do Consenso Europeu para sarcopenia em pessoas idosas e sua versão atualizada. Foi realizada bioimpedância elétrica para avaliar a massa muscular, teste de preensão palmar para a força muscular e teste de velocidade de marcha para a performance física. O risco para sarcopenia foi avaliado por meio do SARC-F e SARC-CalF. Realizou-se análise de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (ROC) e área sob a curva (AUC) para determinar a melhor performance diagnóstica. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 25,00% de acordo com a primeira versão do Consenso Europeu e 10,90% considerando a versão atualizada. O risco para sarcopenia foi de 17,20% (SARC-F) e 23,40% (SARC-CalF). A sensibilidade do SARC-F variou entre 12,55 e 36,11%, e a espec ificidade entre 71,87 e 92,39%, enquanto o SARC-CalF apresentou sensibilidade entre 47,22 e 85,71% e especificidade entre 82,46 e 88,89%. A AUC do SARC-F variou entre 0,51 e 0,71, enquanto o SARC-CalF ficou entre 0,67 e 0,86. Conclusões: O SARC-CalF apresentou melhor performance diagnóstica quando comparado a todos os critérios diagnósticos analisados. A adição da circunferência da panturrilha é um método eficaz para o rastreamento do risco de sarcopenia na população do estudo

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de idosos diabéticos durante a pandemia do novo coronavírus / Quality of life assessment of elderly diabetics during the new coronavirus pandemic / Evaluación de la calidad de vida de los ancianos diabéticos durante la nueva pandemia de coronavirus

Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 durante a Pandemia do novo coronavírus. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo com 27 idosos diabéticos atendidos em um hospital universitário durante a Pandemia. Utilizou-se na coleta de dados três instrumentos: perfil sociodemográfico, condições clínicas sobre o novo coronavírus e Diabetes mellitus e Avaliação de Diabetes 39 (D-39) para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas as estatísticas descritivas (frequência e percentual). Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados são idosas com idade entre 60 a 64 anos, viúvos, baixa escolaridade, aposentados entre 1 a 10 anos de diagnóstico utilizando antiglicemiantes como forma de tratamento. Os idosos consideram sua qualidade de vida boa. Dentre àqueles que se contaminaram com o novo coronavírus foi evidenciado que não houve descontinuidade do tratamento para a Diabetes, entretanto, uma minoria relatou alguma sequela do novo coronavirus (febre, fraqueza muscular e apetite diminuído). A Sobrecarga funcional e o Funcionamento sexual foram as dimensões mais afetadas com todos os itens impactados negativamente. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam boa qualidade de vida dos idosos diabéticos apesar das dimensões Sobrecarga funcional e Funcionamento sexual afetadas negativamente sugerindo maior atenção dos profissionais de saúde. (AU)

Objective: To assess the quality of life of elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus during the new coronavirus pandemic. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study with 27 elderly diabetics treated at a university hospital during the pandemic. Three instruments were used for data collection: sociodemographic profile, clinical conditions on new coronavirus and Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes Assessment 39 (D-39) to assess quality of life. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used. Results: Most respondents are elderly aged between 60 and 64 years old, widowed, with low education, retired between 1 and 10 years of diagnosis and used antiglycemic agents as a form of treatment. Elderly people consider their quality of life to be good. Among those infected with the new coronavirus, it was shown that there was no discontinuation of treatment for Diabetes, however, a minority reported some sequelae of new coronavirus (fever, muscle weakness and decreased appetite). Functional overload and Sexual functioning were the most affected dimensions, with all items negatively impacted. Conclusion: The results indicate good quality of life for elderly diabetics despite the dimensions Functional overload and Sexual functioning negatively affected, suggesting greater attention from health professionals. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 durante la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo con 27 ancianos diabéticos atendidos en un hospital universitario durante la pandemia. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron tres instrumentos: perfil sociodemográfico, condiciones clínicas sobre nuevo coronavirus y Diabetes mellitus y Diabetes Assessment 39 (D-39) para evaluar la calidad de vida. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva (frecuencia y porcentaje). Resultados: La mayoría de los encuestados son ancianos de entre 60 y 64 años, viudos, con baja escolaridad, jubilados entre 1 y 10 años del diagnóstico y que utilizan agentes antiglucémicos como forma de tratamiento. Las personas mayores consideran que su calidad de vida es buena. Entre los infectados con el nuevo coronavirus, se demostró que no se suspendió el tratamiento para la diabetes, sin embargo, una minoría informó algunas secuelas del nuevo coronavirus (fiebre, debilidad muscular y disminución del apetito). La sobrecarga funcional y el funcionamiento sexual fueron las dimensiones más afectadas, con todos los ítems afectados negativamente. Conclusión: Los resultados indican una buena calidad de vida de los ancianos diabéticos a pesar de las dimensiones Sobrecarga funcional y Funcionamiento sexual negativamente afectadas, lo que sugiere una mayor atención por parte de los profesionales de la salud. (AU)

Complicaciones crónicas y enfermedades asociadas en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Punta Brava, Cuba de enero a junio de 2019 / Chronic complications and associated diseases in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Punta Brava, Cuba from January to June 2019

Introducción: Con el envejecimiento de las poblaciones se produce un aumento de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, entre ellas la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Esta constituye un serio problema de salud pública a nivel mundial por su elevada prevalencia, crecimiento constante, complicaciones crónicas y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y las enfermedades asociadas en personas de 60 años y más en el poblado de Punta Brava. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal a partir de los gerontes con diabetes que asistieron a la consulta de Medicina Interna en el periodo de enero a junio de 2019. Con la información recopilada de las historias clínicas se creó una base de datos en Visual FoxPro 8.0. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edad de 60 a 69 años y el sexo femenino. La hipertensión arterial fue la enfermedad asociada más frecuente con 86,0 por ciento, seguida por la cardiopatía isquémica con 70,6 por ciento y la enfermedad cerebrovascular con 67,0 por ciento. La polineuropatía diabética fue la complicación crónica más representativa (79,3 por ciento), seguida de la nefropatía (15,0 por ciento) que aparece a mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Predominó la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad cerebrovascular como padecimientos asociados en adultos mayores con diabetes tipo 2. La polineuropatía y la nefropatía diabéticas fueron las complicaciones crónicas más frecuentes con diferencias según el sexo y relacionadas con el mayor tiempo de evolución(AU)

Introduction: The aging of populations also brings an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, which constitutes a serious public health problem worldwide due to the high prevalence, constant growth, chronic complications and mortality. Objective: To identify the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated diseases in people aged 60 years and older in Punta Brava town. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from the elderly with diabetes who attended the Internal Medicine consultation from January to June 2019. A database was created in Visual Fox Pro 8.0 with the information collected from the medical records. Results: The age group of 60 to 69 years and the female sex prevailed. Hypertension was the most frequent associated disease (86.0 percent), followed by ischemic heart disease (70.6 percent) and cerebrovascular disease (67.0 percent). Diabetic polyneuropathy was the most representative chronic complication (79.3 percent), followed by nephropathy (15.0 percent), appearing later in the course of the disease. Conclusions: Hypertension and cerebrovascular disease predominated as associated conditions in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic polyneuropathy and nephropathy were the most frequent chronic complications, with differences according to sex and related to the longest evolution time(AU)

Retinografia como forma de rastreio de retinopatia diabética em hospital terciário do Sistema Único de Saúde / Color retinography as a means of screening for diabetic retinopathy in the tertiary hospital of Unified Health System

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da triagem de retinopatia diabética de paciente diabéticos realizada com retinografia colorida. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, de caráter descritivo, avaliando laudos de retinografias realizadas desde a implementação do protocolo da triagem de retinopatia diabética de paciente diabéticos acompanhados no Ambulatório de Endocrinologia de um hospital terciário do Sistema Único de Saúde, de maio de 2018 até maio de 2020. Resultados Realizaram retinografia 727 pacientes diabéticos, que tinham entre 14 e 91 anos, sendo a maioria com 60 anos ou mais (53,2%), do sexo feminino (68%) e brancos (87,6%). Não apresentavam retinopatia diabética 467 (64,2%) pacientes, 125 (17,2%) tinham retinopatia diabética não proliferativa, 37 (5,1%) retinopatia diabética não proliferativa grave e/ou suspeita de edema macular, 65 (8,9%) retinopatia diabética proliferativa, 21 (2,9%) suspeita de outras patologias, e as imagens de 12 (1,7%) pacientes eram insatisfatórias. Foram considerados de alto risco (aqueles com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa grave e/ou edema macular, retinopatia diabética proliferativa ou imagem insatisfatória) 114 (15,68%) pacientes. Conclusão O rastreio de retinopatia diabética com retinografia colorida possibilitou a detecção de pacientes diabéticos de alto risco que necessitavam atendimento com brevidade, permitindo o acesso deles à consulta oftalmológica e diminuindo a morbidade da doença relacionada ao tratamento tardio. Os demais foram encaminhados à Atenção Primária para regulamentação, por meio do Sistema de Regulação.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the impact of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening using color retinography in diabetic patients. Methods Retrospective descriptive study, evaluating reports of all retinographs performed since the implementation of the protocol for screening for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients followed up at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital of the Unified Health System, from May 2018 to May 2020. Results 727 diabetic with age range from 14 to 91 years old, the majority being 60 years old or older (53.2%), female (68%) and white (87.6%), patients underwent retinography. Of the patients, 467 (64.2%) did not have DR, 125 (17.2%) had non-proliferative DR, 37 (5.1%) had severe non-proliferative DR and/or suspected macular edema, 65 (8.9%) had proliferative DR, 21 (2.9%) had suspicion signs of other pathologies and 12 (1.7%) had unsatisfactory images. A total of 114 (15.68%) patients were considered at high risk (those with severe non-proliferative NP and/or EM, proliferative DR or poor image) and were referred for comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation. Conclusion The screening of RD with color retinography enabled the detection of high-risk diabetic patients who needed assistance sooner and enabled their access to ophthalmologic consultation, which decreased disease morbidity. The others were referred to primary care for regulation through the Regulation System (SISREG).

Factores de riesgo asociados a diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Policlínico Docente José Jacinto Milanés. Matanzas, 2019 / Risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Teaching Polyclinic José Jacinto Milanés. Matanzas, 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la diabetes es un trastorno endocrino-metabólico crónico que afecta a diversos órganos y tejidos. Más del 90 % de los que la padecen sufren diabetes tipo 2. Esta se acompaña de complicaciones crónicas, que pueden prevenirse mediante un control adecuado de la hiperglucemia y de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: caracterizar los factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en pacientes del Consultorio del Médico de la Familia no. 27 del Policlínico Docente José Jacinto Milanés, del municipio Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, durante el período de enero a diciembre de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 50 pacientes pertenecientes al consultorio no. 27 del Policlínico Docente José Jacinto Milanés, del municipio Matanzas, dispensarizados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: el sexo femenino fue el predominante, y el 24 % de los pacientes se encontraban entre 55 y 59 años. En cuanto al estado nutricional, resultó la obesidad el de mayor frecuencia. En el 52 % existían antecedentes familiares de diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: la obesidad, los malos hábitos dietéticos, el sedentarismo y la hipertensión arterial constituyeron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes en estos pacientes (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes is a chronic endocrine-metabolic disorder that affects numerous organs and tissues. More than 90 % of those with it suffer from type 2 diabetes. This is accompanied by chronic complications, which can be prevented by adequate control of hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: to characterize the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients from the Family Physician's Office no. 27 of the Teaching Polyclinic José Jacinto Milanés, of the municipality of Matanzas. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out during the period from January to December 2019. The universe were 50 patients belonging to Family Physician's Office no. 27 of the Teaching Polyclinic José Jacinto Milanés, of the municipality of Matanzas, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: female sex predominated, and 24 % of patients were aged 55-59 years. According to the nutritional status, obesity was the more frequent. There was a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 52 %. Conclusion: obesity, poor dietary habits, sedentary way of life, and arterial hypertension were the most frequent risk factors found in these patients (AU).

Análisis de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos y nutricionales en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 e hipertensos esenciales usuarios de atención privada y pública / Analysis of cardiometabolic and nutritional risk factors in patients with diabetes type 2 and essential hypertension users of private and public care

La enfermedad cardiovascular es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en Chile, según resultados entregados por la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2017 un 3,3% de la población ha presentado un infarto agudo al miocardio, un 2,6% reporta haber sufrido un ataque cerebrovascular, el 74% de los chilenos presenta obesidad y un 87% sedentarismo, siendo la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) con un 12% y la hipertensión arterial con un 28% resultados que preocupan por su importante incremento. La investigación tuvo un diseño observacional de corte transversal. Se realizó en 69 pacientes con DM2 e hipertensos esenciales, entre 40 y 80 años de edad, pertenecientes al Sistema salud municipal (SMS) y privado (SPS) en la ciudad de Iquique. Se realizó encuesta alimentaria, medición antropométrica y exámenes bioquímicos y presión arterial. Al analizar ambos grupos se destaca los siguientes resultados: actividad física 17,24% SPS y 42,5% en SSM, presión arterial controlada 55,2% SPS y 87,5% en SSM, control de hemoglobina glicosilada 26,9% SPS y 52,5% en SSM, colesterol total alterado 17,9% SPS y 45% en SSM, síntomas depresivos 96,5% SPS y 26,3% en SSM. Se evidenció una prevalencia de mal nutrición por exceso de un 89,7% SPS y 95% SSM, riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) según circunferencia de cintura (CC) 96,5% SPS y 92,3% SSM. En relación a la encuesta alimentaria se observó que un 44,8% en usuarios SPS y 52,5% de SSM presentaron consumo alimentario hipercalórico. Los usuarios de atención privada y pública presentaron factores de riesgo cardiovascular, donde destacan la obesidad, sedentarismo y RCV según CC. Al comparar ambos grupos los usuarios SPS presentan menor control metabólico de su enfermedad y factores de riesgo cardiovascular aumentados en relación a los usuarios SSM.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Chile, according to the results provided by the 2017 National Health Survey, 3.3% of the population has presented acute myocardial infarction, 2.6% reported have suffered a cerebrovascular accident, 74% of Chileans are obese and 87% have sedentary behavior, belonging to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) into 12% and arterial hypertension into 28%, alarming results due to their significant increase. The research had a cross-sectional observational study design. 69 patients with DM2 and essential hypertensive patients, between 40 and 80 years of age were studied, belonging to the municipal (SSM) and private (SPS) health systems in the city of Iquique. A food intake survey, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical and blood pressure tests were taken. When analyzing both groups, the following results stand out: physical activity 17.24% in SPS and 42.5% in SSM, controlled blood pressure 55.2% in SPS and 87.5% in SSM, controlled glycosylated hemoglobin 26.9% in SPS and 52.5% in SSM, altered values of total cholesterol 17.9% in SPS and 45% in SSM, depression symptoms 96.5% in SPS and 26.3% in SSM. Prevalence of malnutrition due to excess 89.7% in SPS and 95% in SSM, cardiovascular risk (RCV) according to waist circumference (CC) 96.5% in SPS and 92.3% in SSM were evidenced. In relation to the food intake survey, it was observed that 44.8% of SPS users and 52.5% of SSM users consume hypercaloric diet. The users of private and public care presented cardiovascular risk factors, where the obesity, sedentary lifestyle and RCV related to CC stand out. When comparing both groups, SPS users have less control of their disease in relation to SSM users.

Conocimientos sobre factores de riesgos y medidas de autocuidado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con úlcera neuropática / Knowledge about risk factors and self-care measures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with neuropathic ulcer / Conhecimento sobre fatores de risco e medidas de autocuidado em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 com úlcera neuropática

RESUMEN Introducción: El conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo y las medidas de autocuidado en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus se considera un elemento esencial en su tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre factores de riesgos y medidas de autocuidado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus con úlcera neuropática. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal en 135 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con úlcera neuropática pertenecientes a dos consultorios del médico de familia del Policlínico Universitario "Dr. Rudesindo Antonio García del Rijo" de Sancti Spíritus en el período de noviembre de 2018 a noviembre de 2019. Las variables estudiadas, fueron: edad, sexo, nivel de conocimientos sobre los factores de riesgo y medidas de autocuidado. Resultados: Los resultados agrupados en forma de tablas mostraron un predominio de los pacientes del sexo femenino con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de 60-70 años. El inadecuado nivel de conocimientos de los factores de riesgo más sobresaliente fue el antecedente de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Las medidas de autocuidado más conocida fue mantener el tratamiento para la diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: En la investigación predominó el sexo femenino de 60-71 años. El nivel de desconocimientos que predominó fue la historia familiar de la diabetes mellitus, así como mayor nivel de desconocimiento en las medidas a tener en cuenta para el autocuidado en la práctica de aseo corporal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Knowledge concerning risk factors and self-care methods in patients with diabetes mellitus is considered an essential element in their effective treatment. Objective: To assess the knowledge level concerning risk factors and self-care methods in patients with diabetes mellitus and neuropathic ulcer. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and neuropathic ulceration from November 2018 to November 2019. All patients registered in two different family doctor's office associated to the Policlínico Universitario "Dr. Rudesindo Antonio García del Rijo" in Sancti Spíritus. Variables studied were: age, sex, knowledge level concerning risk factors and self-care methods. Results: The outcomes were summarized on a table to be assessed, which revealed female sex patients aged 60 to 70 years as predominant to suffer type 2 diabetes mellitus. An inadequate knowledge concerning the most outstanding risk factors was the cause of arising cardiovascular disease. The most well-known self-care measure was to maintain an effective treatment for diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Female sex patients aged 60 to 71 years were most assessed being predominant. The most predominant aspects of ignorance found in the study were the family history associated to diabetes mellitus and the ignorance related to self-care measures, mainly on the practice of personal hygiene.

RESUMO Introdução: O conhecimento dos fatores de risco e das medidas de autocuidado em pacientes com diabetes mellitus é considerado um elemento essencial em seu tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento sobre fatores de risco e medidas de autocuidado em pacientes com diabetes mellitus com úlcera neuropática. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado em 135 pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 com úlcera neuropática pertencentes a dois consultórios do médico de família da Policlínica Universitária "Dr. Rudesindo Antonio García del Rijo" de Sancti Spíritus no período de novembro de 2018 a novembro de 2019. As variáveis ​​estudadas foram: idade, sexo, nível de conhecimento sobre fatores de risco e medidas de autocuidado. Resultados: Os resultados agrupados em forma de tabelas mostraram predomínio de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do sexo feminino na faixa etária de 60 a 70 anos. O nível inadequado de conhecimento dos fatores de risco mais destacados era o histórico de doenças cardiovasculares. As medidas de autocuidado mais conhecidas foram a manutenção do tratamento para diabetes mellitus. Conclusões: Na investigação prevaleceu o sexo feminino de 60 a 71 anos. O nível de desconhecimento prevalente foi a história familiar de diabetes mellitus, bem como maior grau de desconhecimento nas medidas a serem levadas em consideração para o autocuidado na prática da higiene corporal.

Hipoglicemia grave e fatores de risco em pessoas com diabetes em unidade de internação: estudo caso controle / Severe hypoglycemia in people with diabetes in an inpatient unit: a case-control study

A hipoglicemia é uma das principais complicações frente ao manejo inadequado do diabetes, com destaque para a hipoglicemia grave que configura-se como um problema relevante para a manutenção da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram caracterizar os episódios de hipoglicemia grave em pacientes com diabetes em unidades de internação clínica; analisar a associação entre os fatores de risco e os episódios de hipoglicemia grave de pacientes com diabetes em unidade de internação; estimar o tempo de sobrevida até o episódio hipoglicêmico grave. A metodologia empregada para esse estudo considerou casos episódios hipoglicêmicos graves, definidos por valores glicêmicos abaixo de 50 mg/dL. Foram considerados controles os episódios hipoglicêmicos não graves definidos por valores glicêmicos entre 51 a 70mg/dl. Considerou-se como fatores associados à hipoglicemia grave variáveis propostas pela revisão integrativa de literatura realizada para a construção dessa pesquisa. Ainda, também foi analisado o diagnóstico de enfermagem risco de glicemia instável da nomenclatura NANDA-I e sua pertinência quanto aos fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de episódios de hipoglicemia grave. A coleta de dados desenvolveu-se através de análise documental retrospectiva. Foram observados 47 episódios de hipoglicemia grave e 60 episódios de hipoglicemia não grave, respectivamente caso e controle. Os fatores de risco para hipoglicemia grave com evidências na literatura e que foram validados neste estudo caso- controle foram: escolaridade; terapia insulínica; uso de insulinas associadas; modificação recente da dose; insuficiência renal; outras comorbidades; episódio hipoglicêmico anterior e habilidade deficiente para o autocuidado. Identificou-se que o tempo de sobrevida até o episódio hipoglicêmico configura-se em uma curva descendente.A média de tempo que uma pessoa sobrevive até o desfecho de hipoglicemia grave mostrou que o paciente que tem diabetes e está internado tem chances progressivamente maiores de desenvolver episódio de hipoglicemia grave logo nos primeiros dias de internação. Frente aos resultados obtidos, sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados com o objetivo descrever aprofundadamente os mecanismos de associação destas variáveis com o episódio hipoglicêmico grave. A identificação da magnituddos fatores de risco para hipoglicemia grave, apresentada através do estudo caso-controle, fornece bases para a construção de instrumentos padronizados de avaliação adequada de pacientes com diabetes em unidades de internação.

Hypoglycemia is one of the main complications in the face of inadequate management of diabetes, where severe hypoglycemia is a relevant problem in terms of maintaining the quality of life of individuals. The objectives of the study were to characterize episodes of severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes in clinical inpatient units; to analyze the association between risk factors and episodes of severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes in the inpatient unit; estimate the survival time until the severe hypoglycemic episode. The methodology used for this study considered cases of severe hypoglycemic episodes, defined by glycemic values below 50 mg / dL. Non-severe hypoglycemic episodes were defined as controls defined by glycemic values between 51 to 70mg / dl. Factors associated with severe hypoglycemia were considered as variables proposed by the integrative literature review carried out for the construction of this research. Still, the Nursing Diagnosis Risk of Unstable Glycemia of the NANDA-I Nomenclature and its relevance regarding the risk factors associated with the occurrence of episodes of severe hypoglycemia were also analyzed. Data collection was developed through retrospective document analysis. 47 episodes of severe hypoglycemia and 60 episodes of non-severe hypoglycemia were analyzed, case and control, respectively. The risk factors for severe hypoglycemia with evidence in the literature that were validated in this case-control study were: education; insulin therapy; use of associated insulins; recent dose modification; renal insufficiency; other comorbidities; previous hypoglycemic episode and deficient ability for self-care. It was identified that the survival time until the hypoglycemic episode is configured in a descending curve. The average time that a person survives until the outcome of severe hypoglycemia showed that the patient who has diabetes and is hospitalized has a progressively greater chance of developing an episode of severe hypoglycemia in the first days of hospitalization. In view of the results obtained, it is suggested that further studies be carried out in order to describe in depth the mechanisms of association of these variables with the severe hypoglycemic episode. The identification of the magnitude of risk factors for severhypoglycemia, presented through the case-control study, provides the basis for the construction of standardized instruments for adequate assessment of patients with diabetes in inpatient units.

La hipoglucemia es una de las principales complicaciones ante el manejo inadecuado de la diabetes, donde la hipoglucemia severa es un problema relevante en cuanto al mantenimiento de la calidad de vida de los individuos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron caracterizar episodios de hipoglucemia severa en pacientes con diabetes en unidades de internación clínica; analizar la asociación entre factores de riesgo y episodios de hipoglucemia severa en pacientes con diabetes en la unidad de internación; Estime el tiempo de supervivencia hasta el episodio de hipoglucemia grave. La metodología utilizada para este estudio consideró casos de episodios hipoglucémicos graves, definidos por valores glucémicos inferiores a 50 mg / dL. Se consideraron controles los episodios hipoglucémicos no graves definidos como valores glucémicos entre 51 y 70 mg / dl. Los factores asociados a la hipoglucemia severa fueron considerados como variables propuestas por la revisión integradora de la literatura realizada para la construcción de esta investigación. Aún así, también se analizó el Diagnóstico de Enfermería Riesgo de Glucemia Inestable de la Nomenclatura NANDA-I y su relevancia con respecto a los factores de riesgo asociados a la ocurrencia de episodios de hipoglucemia severa. La recolección de datos se desarrolló a través del análisis retrospectivo de documentos. Se analizaron 47 episodios de hipoglucemia severa y 60 episodios de hipoglucemia no severa, caso y control, respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo de hipoglucemia severa con evidencia en la literatura que fueron validados en este estudio de casos y controles fueron: educación; terapia con insulina; uso de insulinas asociadas; modificación reciente de la dosis; insuficiencia renal; otras comorbilidades; episodio hipoglucémico previo y capacidad deficiente para el autocuidado. Se identificó que el tiempo de supervivencia hasta el episodio hipoglucémico se configura en una curva descendente. El tiempo promedio que una persona sobrevive hasta el resultado de una hipoglucemia severa mostró que el paciente que tiene diabetes y está hospitalizado tiene una probabilidad progresivamente mayor de desarrollar un episodio de hipoglucemia severa en los primeros días de hospitalización. A la vista de los resultados obtenidos, se sugiere realizar más estudios con el fin de describir en profundidad los mecanismos de asociación de estas variables con el episodio de hipoglucemia grave. La identificación de la magnitud de los factores de riesgo de hipoglucemia severa, presentada a través del estudio de casos y controles, proporciona la base para la construcción de instrumentos estandarizados para la evaluación adecuada de pacientes con diabetes en unidades de internación.

Sintomas Depressivos estão Associados a Níveis Séricos Elevados de Colesterol de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade em Idosos com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 / Depressive Symptoms are Associated with High Levels of Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Resumo Fundamento O Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DMT2) é comum nos idosos, que também apresentam um nível elevado de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs), tais como dislipidemia. Entretanto, o papel da depressão nos pacientes com DMT2 e sua relação com fatores de risco para DCV são pouco estudados. Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a relação entre sintomas depressivos (SDs) e fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos em idosos comunitários portadores de DMT2. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídos 85 idosos comunitários com DMT2. Os SDs foram avaliados através da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica de Yesavage, em versão reduzida (GDS-15). Os seguintes fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados: pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), glicose plasmática em jejum (GPJ), perfil lipídico (triglicerídeos séricos (TG), colesterol total sérico (CT), colesterol sérico de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e colesterol sérico de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (HDL-C)) e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A análise de regressão múltipla de Poisson foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre os SDs e cada fator de risco cardiovascular ajustado por sexo, idade, tempo em atividades físicas moderadas e status funcional. O nível de significância adotado para a análise foi de 5%. Resultados Dentre todos os fatores de risco analisados, apenas o aumento de LDL-C apresentou uma correlação com níveis elevados de SD (RP=1,005; IC95% 1,002-1,008). Foi observada uma associação significativa entre os níveis de HDL-C (RP=0,99; IC95% 0,98-0,99) e a PAS (RP=1,009; IC95% 1,004-1,014). Conclusão Nos idosos com DMT2, a presença de SD foi associada a níveis de LDL-C, HDL-C e PAS, mesmo após o ajuste por sexo, idade, nível de atividade física e capacidade funcional. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is common in older adults, who also present a high level of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as dyslipidemia. However, the role of depression in T2DM patients and its relationship with CVD risk factors are understudied. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms (DS) and known cardiovascular risk factors in community dwelling older adults with T2DM. Methods This is a cross sectional study, in which 85 community-dwelling older adults with T2DM were assessed. DS was assessed using the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale - short version (GDS-15). The following cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated: systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile (serum triglycerides - TG, serum total cholesterol - TC, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - LDL-C, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - HDL-C) and body mass index (BMI). Poisson multiple regression was performed to test the association between DS and each cardiovascular risk factor adjusted by sex, age, time spent in moderate physical activity, and functional status. The significance level adopted for the analysis was 5%. Results Among all the analyzed risk factors, only high levels of LDL-C were related to high DS (PR=1.005, CI 95% 1.002-1.008). A significant association was observed between HDL-C levels (PR=0.99, CI 95% 0.98-0.99) and SBP (PR=1.009, CI 95% 1.004-1.014). Conclusion In older adults with T2DM, the presence of DS was associated with LDL-C, HDL-C levels and SBP, even after adjusting for sex, age, physical activity level and functional capacity. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Participación familiar en la prevención de complicaciones en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2: cuidados intensivos hospital general milagro, 2019 / Family participation in the prevention of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: intensive care hospital general milagro, 2019

La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad relevante debido al aumento de su prevalencia en mayores de 50 años. Objetivo: Determinar la participación familiar en la prevención de complicaciones de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 que ingresan en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos - Hospital General IESS Mila-gro, enero a junio del 2019. Metodología: tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo-deductivo, no experimental de corte transversal. Se diseñó un formulario con 13 preguntas que responde a los objetivos del estudio. Del universo de 210 pacientes ingresados se tomó una muestra conformada por 68 pacientes con sus respectivos familiares, seleccionada mediante muestreo no probabilístico, de los cuales el 64.7% pertenecen a género masculino, siendo las edades más afectadas los de 61 a 80 años, que viven en la zona rural (33.82%). Resultados: demostraron que el desconocimiento de los familiares sobre la enfermedad y sus complicaciones es uno de los factores más relevantes, con el 85.29%; el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad es de seis a ocho años (52.94%); la participación en la administración de medicamentos es mayoritariamente proporcionada por su cónyuge (38,24%); la situación laboral es la limitante principal en el cuidado del paciente (55.88%), siendo el nivel de de-pendencia moderada-severa el principal problema (44.12%); el incumplimiento de las indicaciones médicas representada por el 54.41%, presentando la hiperglicemia (44.12%), y la nefropatía (65.45%), la hipertensión (43.75%) como las complicaciones más relevantes; el índice de mortalidad es de 27.94%. Conclusión: Se encontró que la participación familiar in-fluye de manera significativa en el cuida-do de estos pacientes, ya que permiten prevenir las complicaciones por diabetes tipo 2, como parte de las estrategias de salud pública para enfrentar las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles(AU)

Type 2 diabetes is a relevant disease due to the increase in its pre-valence in people over 50 years of age. Objective: To determine the family partici-pation in the prevention of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the Intensive Care Unit - General Hos-pital IESS Milagro, January to June 2019. Methodology: it had a quantitative, des-criptive-deductive, non-experimental cross-sectional approach. A form with 13 questions in order to answers the objec-tives of the study, was designed. From the universe of 210 admitted patients, a sample was made up of 68 patients with their respective relatives, selected by means of non-probability sampling, of which 64.7% belong to the male gender, the most affected ages being those be-tween 61 and 80 years of age, who live in the rural area (33.82%). Results: they showed that the ignorance of the relatives about the disease and its complications is one of the most relevant factors, with 85.29%. The evolution time of the disease is six to eight years (52.94%). Your spou-se (38.24%), mostly provides participa-tion in the administration of medications. The labor situation is the main limitation in patient care (55.88%), with the level of moderate-severe dependency being the main problem (44.12%); non-complian-ce with medical indications represented by 54.41%, presenting hyperglycemia (44.12%), and kidney disease (65.45%), hypertension (43.75%) as the most rele-vant complications; the mortality rate is 27.94%. Conclusion: It was found that family participation significantly influences the care of these patients, since they allow preventing complications from type 2 diabetes, as part of public health strate-gies to deal with chronic non-communicable diseases(AU)

Does type 2 diabetes mellitus increase postoperative complications in patients submitted to cardiovascular surgeries?

Abstract Objective: To compare the incidence of postoperative complications (PC) between diabetic and nondiabetic patients undergoing cardiovascular surgeries (CS). Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study, based on the analysis of 288 medical records. Patients aged ≥ 18 years, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between January 2012 and January 2013, and undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or vascular surgeries were included. The population was divided into those with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and then it was evaluated the incidence of PC between the groups. Results: The sample included 288 patients, most of them being elderly (67 [60-75] years old) male (64%) subjects. Regarding to surgical procedures, 60.4% of them were undergoing vascular surgeries and 39.6% were in the postoperative period of CABG. The incidence of T2DM in this population was 40% (115), just behind hypertension, with 72% (208). Other risk factors were also observed, such as smoking in 95 (33%) patients, dyslipidemias in 54 (19%) patients, and previous myocardial infarction in 55 (19%) patients. No significant difference in relation to PC (bleeding, atrial fibrillation, cardiorespiratory arrest, and respiratory complications) between the groups was observed (P>0.05). Conclusion: T2DM has a high incidence rate in the population of critically ill patients submitted to CS, especially in the elderly. However, in this small retrospectively analyzed study, there was no significant increase in PC related to diabetes for patients undergoing CS.

Proteína C reactiva ultrasensible y riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Ultrasensitive reactive C protein and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: describir el riesgo cardiovascular de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), según los valores de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us). Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en el Patronato del Diabético de zona 1, Ciudad de Guatemala, en el cual participaron 196 pacientes mayores de 50 años de edad, obteniéndose características sociodemográficas, medidas antropométricas. Además, se tomaron muestras de sangre que fueron procesadas en iCroma ll para determinar los valores de Proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us). Resultados: los pacientes que aceptaron formar parte del estudio, tuvieron una media de edad de 62±8.62 DE; 74.4% (146) fueron del sexo femenino; 54% (106) eran católicos y el 82.1% (161), residían en la Ciudad de Guatemala. El estado nutricional fue normal en el 26% (50), el 11% (21) tenía sobrepeso y 63% (125), obesidad. Para índice cintura cadera (ICC) con respecto al sexo femenino, se obtuvo una media de 0.89±0.05 DE y una media 0.97±0.05 DE del sexo masculino. Respecto al riesgo cardiovascular, se obtuvo una media en valores de PCR-us de 2.9±2.8 DE, con 76% (148) de los pacientes en riesgo cardiovascular moderado/alto. Conclusiones: los valores de PCR-us tuvieron una media de 2.9±2.8 DE y 8 de cada 10 pacientes están en riesgo moderado/alto. De los pacientes estudiados, 7 de cada 10 fueron mujeres, con una media para a edad de 62 años. Se encontraron 7 de cada 10 con sobrepeso u obesidad, con una media para índice cintura cadera con respecto al sexo elevado.

Objective: to describe the cardiovascular risk of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, according to the values of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (PCR-us). Material and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out on 196 patients over 50 years of age, from the Diabetic Board of Trustees in Zone 1, Guatemala. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements and blood were obtained. The blood samples were processed in iCroma ll to determine the values of ultrasensitive reactive Protein C (PCR-us). Results: the patients who accepted to be part of the study had a mean age of 62 ± 8.62 SD years; 74.4% (146) were female; 54% (106) were catholic, and 82.1% (161) resided in Guatemala City. Nutritional status was normal in 50 patients (26%), 21, overweight (11%) and 125, obese (63%). For the waisthip index, with respect to the female, an average of 0.89 ± 0.05 SD and for males, an average 0.97 ± 0.05 SD were obtained. Regarding cardiovascular risk, an average in PCR-us values of 2.9 ± 2.8 SD was obtained; 76% (148) of patient were at moderate / high cardiovascular risk.

Linking socioeconomic inequalities and type 2 diabetes through obesity and lifestyle factors among Mexican adults: a structural equations modeling approach / Asociación entre las inequidades socioeconómicas y la diabetes tipo 2 mediada por la obesidad y factores del estilo de vida en adultos mexicanos: un enfoque de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales

Abstract: Objective: To assess the association between type 2 diabetes (DM2) and socioeconomic inequalities, mediated by the contribution of body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA), and diet (diet-DII). Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data of adults participating in the Diabetes Mellitus Survey of Mexico City. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as well as height and weight, dietary intake, leisure time activity and the presence of DM2 were measured. We fitted a structural equation model (SEM) with DM2 as the main outcome, and BMI, diet-DII and PA served as mediator variables between socioeconomic inequalities index (SII) and DM2. Results: The prevalence of DM2 was 13.6%. From the fitted SEM, each standard deviation increases in the SII was associated with increased scores of DM2 (β=0.174,P<0.001). Conclusion: The results in the present study show how high scores in the index of SII may influence the presence of DM2.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre diabetes tipo 2 y las inequidades socioeconómicas (IS), mediada por la contribución del índice de masa corporal (IMC), actividad física (AF) y dieta (dieta-DII). Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis transversal utilizando datos de la Encuesta de Diabetes Mellitus de la Ciudad de México. Se midieron las características sociodemográficas, altura, peso, ingesta dietética, actividad de tiempo libre y presencia de diabetes. Se ajustó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE) con diabetes como resultado principal, e IMC, dieta-DII y PA sirvieron como variables mediadoras entre el IS y la diabetes. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabetes fue de 13.6%. A partir del MEE ajustado, cada aumento de la desviación estándar en el IS se asoció con un aumento en las puntuaciones de diabetes (β=0.174,P<0.001). Conclusión: Los resultados en el presente estudio muestran cómo los puntajes altos en las IS pueden influir en la presencia de diabetes.

Granuloma anular perforante: patologia inusual / Perforating Granuloma Annulare: unusual pathology

Resumen El Granuloma Anular (GA) es una dermatosis inflamatoria crónica, benigna, auto limitada, de etiología desconocida. Existen numerosas variantes clínicas dentro de las cuales se encuentra la perforante, de presentación inusual. La histopatología más característica de GA, cuenta con la presencia de histiocitos epitelioides en empalizada alrededor de áreas de degeneración focal de fibras de colágeno con depósitos de mucina. La variedad perforante evidencia eliminación transepidérmica de fibras de colágeno. Se presenta un paciente de 72 años de edad, diabético, dislipémico, con lesiones pruriginosas en dorso de ambas manos, con el diagnóstico de granuloma anular perforante. Realizó tratamiento con clobetasol tópico, más antihistamínicos por vía oral, quedando una cicatriz atrófica.

Abstract Granuloma annulare is a chronic, benign, self-limiting, inflammatory dermatosis of unknown etiology. There are numerous clinical variants within which is the perforating, unusual presentation. The most histopathology characteristic of GA is the presence of palisading epithelioid histiocytes around areas of focal degeneration of collagen with mucin deposits. The perforating variety evidences transepidermal elimination of collagen tissue. A 72 years-old, diabetes, dyslipidemic patient is presented with pruritic lessions on the dorsum of both hands, with the diagnosis of perforating granuloma annulare. I perform medical treatment with topical clobetasol, leaving an atrophic scar.

Altered touch perception and associated risk factors in individuals with diabetes mellitus / Percepción alterada del tacto y factores de riesgo asociados en individuos con diabetes mellitus / Percepção do tato alterada e fatores de risco associados em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of altered touch perception in the feet of individuals with diabetes mellitus and the associated risk factors. Method: Cross-sectional study with 224 individuals with diabetes mellitus conducted in an endocrinology clinic at a public hospital in Campina Grande, Paraíba. The evaluation used touch sensitivity and perception, and a descriptive and multivariate analysis with Poisson regression was performed. Results: We found the prevalence of altered touch perception to be 53.1%. The risk factors that had a significant and joint impact on its occurrence were: female gender; previous ulcer; diabetes mellitus type 2; burning sensation, cracks, fissures, calluses, and Charcot foot. Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of altered perception of touch, and this should support the planning of actions aimed at preventing the problem. The study showed the relevance of the phenomenon as a nursing diagnosis that could be included in NANDA-International.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de la percepción alterada del tacto en los pies de individuos con diabetes mellitus y los factores de riesgo asociados. Método: Estudio transversal con 224 individuos con diabetes mellitus conducido en ambulatorio de endocrinología del hospital público de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Testes de sensibilidad y percepción del tacto han sido empleados en la evaluación; y ha sido realizado análisis descriptivo y multivariado con regresión de Poisson. Resultados: Ha sido encontrado prevalencia de la percepción alterada del tacto de 53,1%. Los factores de riesgo que tuvieron impacto de forma significativa y conjunta en su ocurrencia han sido: sexo femenino; úlcera previa; diabetes mellitus tipo 2; irritación, rajaduras, fisuras, callosidades y pies de Charcot. Conclusiones: Alta prevalencia de la percepción alterada del tacto ha sido encontrada, y esta debe subsidiar el planeamiento de acciones vueltas para la prevención del problema. El estudio evidenció la relevancia del fenómeno en cuanto un diagnóstico de enfermaría pasible de inclusión en la NANDA International.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da percepção do tato alterada nos pés de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus e os fatores de risco associados. Método: Estudo transversal com 224 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus conduzido em ambulatório de endocrinologia de hospital público de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Testes de sensibilidade e percepção do tato foram empregados na avaliação; e foi realizada análise descritiva e multivariada com regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Encontrou-se prevalência da percepção do tato alterada de 53,1%. Os fatores de risco que tiveram impacto de forma significativa e conjunta na sua ocorrência foram: sexo feminino; úlcera prévia; diabetes mellitus tipo 2; queimação, rachaduras, fissuras, calosidades e pés de Charcot. Conclusões: Alta prevalência da percepção do tato alterada foi encontrada, e esta deve subsidiar o planejamento de ações voltadas para a prevenção do problema. O estudo evidenciou a relevância do fenômeno enquanto um diagnóstico de enfermagem passível de inclusão na NANDA-International.

Safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic Y-en-Roux gastric bypass surgery in obese elderly patients

Abstract Purpose To analyze, in aged obese patients, the weight loss, comorbidity control, and safety postoperative complications of bariatric surgery by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass technique. Methods Twenty-seven patients who underwent laparoscopic weight-reducing gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to treat obesity were included. All patients were ≥ 60 years old at the time of surgery. The Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis, and a p-value ≤0.05it was considered significant. Results Ten (90.9%) patients with dyslipidemia were cured (p < 0.001). Nine (81.8%) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had total improvement and 2 (18.2%) had partial improvement (p = 0.003). In 23 patients with systemic arterial hypertension, 9 (39.1%) achieved total improvement and 14 (60.9%) partial improvement (p = 0.140). Five (71.4%) patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were cured (p = <0.001). For other comorbidities, no partial improvement or cure was shown. Conclusions Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese elderly patients can be performed safely and with low morbidity and mortality rates. The benefits of weight loss and reduced comorbidities are promising and like those of the younger population.

Demographic and socioeconomic profiles of patients admitted with diabetic foot complications in a tertiary hospital in Belem - Para / Perfil socioeconômico e demográfico de pacientes internados por complicações nos pés diabéticos em um hospital terciário em Belém - Pará

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of diabetic foot in a tertiary hospital in Belem-PA, Brazil, as well as to evaluate risk factors for lower limb amputations in such patients, classifying them according to the Wagner and PEDIS classifications. Methods: we conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, unicentric, and analytical study carried out through a structured questionnaire. Results: the study consisted of 57 patients, aged between 48 and 84 years old, 66.7% being male. The average income ranged between one and three (61.4%) minimum wages and below one minimum wage (31.6%). Type II Diabetes Mellitus was predominant (86.0%). Concerning comorbidities, arterial hypertension displayed the highest proportion (62.3%), followed by dyslipidemia (52.8%). Smokers comprised 35.1% of the sample. Infectious diabetic foot (50.9%) and mixed diabetic foot (49.1%) were the most common. Of the 20 patients with previous amputation, 90% had undergone minor amputation, and 10%, major ones. Callosity (92.6%) was the most prevalent deformity. Fifty-four (94.7%) patients underwent surgery, those being debridement (24.1%), minor amputation (37.0%) and major amputation (38.9%). During hospitalization, 78.9% of individuals did not require ICU stay. Hospitalization time varied between three and 59 days, and 78.9% of hospitalized patients did not progress to death, but 43.1% of patients submitted to major amputations died. Conclusion: patients with diabetic foot followed-up have a low socioeconomic profile; most of them underwent surgical procedures, whether major or minor, due to the higher prevalence of infectious diabetic foot and/or non-adherence to non-operative treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: traçar o perfil socioeconômico demográfico de pacientes internados com diagnóstico de pé diabético em um hospital terciário de Belém-PA, bem como avaliar os fatores de riscos para amputações de membros inferiores classificando-os de acordo com os critérios de Wagner e PEDIS. Métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal, unicêntrico e analítico realizado mediante questionário estruturado com perguntas objetivas e com posterior análise estatística descritiva de pacientes diagnosticados com pé diabético em um hospital terciário de Belém-PA. Resultados: estudo foi composto por 57 pacientes, com idade variando entre 48 e 84 anos, sendo 66,7% masculino. A renda medida oscilou entre 01 a 03 salários. O Diabetes Mellitus do tipo II foi predominante (86,0%). HAS foi a doença associada mais prevalente (62,3%), seguida da Dislipidemia (52,8%). Havia 35,1% fumantes. O tipo mais comum de pé diabético foi o neuropático (59,6%), seguido pelo infeccioso (50,9%) e o misto (49,1%). O tempo de hospitalização variou entre 03 e 59 dias. 43,1% dos pacientes que foram submetidos a amputações maiores faleceram. Conclusão: a ocorrência de pé diabético foi maior nos pacientes do sexo masculino com mais de 50 anos de idade. Predominaram pacientes de baixa renda e com pouca escolaridade. A maioria dos pacientes foram acometidos por pé diabético do tipo II e padrão infeccioso e, que necessitaram de intervenção. A maioria dos pacientes foi admitido com classificações mais avançadas de Wagner e PEDIS, o que estava associado à altas taxas de amputações, impactando nos desfechos de mortalidade.

SGLT-2 inhibitors in diabetes: a focus on renoprotection

SUMMARY Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem, with a significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Various hypoglycemic therapies have proved to be beneficial to clinical outcomes, while others have failed to provide an improvement in cardiovascular and renal failure, only reducing blood glucose levels. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, represented by the empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin, have been showing satisfactory and strong results in several clinical trials, especially regarding the reduction of cardiovascular mortality, reduction of hospitalization due to heart failure, reduction of albuminuria, and long-term maintenance of the glomerular filtration rate. The benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors stems from its main mechanism of action, which occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron, causing glycosuria, and a consequent increase in natriuresis. This leads to increased sodium intake by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, activating the tubule glomerular-feedback and, finally, reducing intraglomerular hypertension, a frequent physiopathological condition in kidney disease caused by diabetes. In addition, this class of medication presents an appropriate safety profile, and its most frequently reported complication is an increase in the incidence of genital infections. Thus, these hypoglycemic agents gained space in practical recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and should be part of the initial therapeutic approach to provide, in addition to glycemic control, cardiovascular outcomes, and the renoprotection in the long term.

Enfermedades hepáticas y su relación con hiperglicemia / The relationship between liver diseases and hyperglycemia

La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y las enfermedades crónicas del hígado(ECH), definida para esta revisión como cualquier alteración funcional o estructural de este órgano, desde inflamación hasta fibrosis, son patologías que frecuentemente se asocian, y su coexistencia se relaciona con peor pronóstico y mayores complicaciones de ambas entidades. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la relación entre hiperglicemia y enfermedades del hígado, sus procesos fisiopatológicos comunes y tratamiento, distinguiendo las patologías más relevantes, entre ellas la Diabetes Hepatogénica (DH), la enfermedad hepática por Virus Hepatitis C (VHC) y la Enfermedad Hepática Grasa No Alcohólica (EHGNA). La DH es aquella diagnosticada en pacientes con cirrosis asociada a insuficiencia hepática, sin antecedentes previos de alteración de la glicemia. En la actualidad el diagnóstico se realiza en etapas tardías de la enfermedad. El VHC tiene un efecto diabetogénico conocido. Algunas terapias antivirales usadas para VHC evidencian mejoría de las alteraciones metabólicas al lograr respuestas virológicas sostenidas. En DM2, la EHGNA es frecuente, con mayor incidencia de fibrosis, hepatocarcinoma (HCC) y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). Es necesario realizar una pesquisa e intervención precoz de EHGNA a los pacientes con DM2. En el manejo de éstos, la baja de peso ha demostrado ser efectiva en el control glicémico y en la mejoría histológica. Dentro de las terapias antidiabéticas, además del uso de metformina, debería considerarse aquellas que han demostrado a la fecha beneficios en EHGNA, como son tiazolidinedionas (pioglitazona) y/o análogos de GLP-1 (liraglutide) y optimizar el control de otros factores de RCV.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) and chronic liver diseases (CLD) defined in this revision as any functional or structural alteration in the organ, covering from inflammation to fibrosis, are pathologies that are frequently associated, and when found together are related to worse prognosis and higher complications in both conditions. The objective of this article is to describe the relationship between hyperglycemia and liver diseases, their common physio-pathological processes and treatments, identifying the most important pathologies, including Hepatogenic Diabetes (HD), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) liver disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Hepatogenic diabetes (HD) is diagnosed in patients with liver failure associated to cirrhosis with no previous record of impaired glycemia. Currently, diagnosis is made during the late stages of the disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a known diabetogenic effect. Some antiviral therapies used for HCV show improvement in metabolic alterations by achieving sustained virological responses. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in DM2 patients is common, presenting higher risk for fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). Early screening and interventions for NAFLD in DM patients are necessary. Weight loss has been shown to be effective in glycemic control and histological improvement. Anti-diabetic therapies, in addition to the use of metformin, should consider therapies that have shown benefits for managing NAFLD, such as thiazolidinedione (pioglitazones) and/or aGLP-1 (Liraglutide), and optimally controlling other cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors.

Zinc alpha 2 glycoprotein as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Zinco-alfa2-glicoproteina (ZAG) como biomarcador precoce de nefropatia diabética em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Abstract Introduction: Although microalbuminuria remains the gold standard for early detection of diabetic nephropathy (DN), it is not a sufficiently accurate predictor of DN risk. Thus, new biomarkers that would help to predict DN risk earlier and possibly prevent the occurrence of end-stage kidney disease are being investigated. Objective: To investigate the role of zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) as an early marker of DN in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. Methods: 88 persons were included and classified into 4 groups: Control group (group I), composed of normal healthy volunteers, and three patient groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus divided into: normo-albuminuria group (group II), subdivided into normal eGFR subgroup and increased eGFR subgroup > 120 mL/min/1.73m2), microalbuminuria group (group III), and macroalbuminuria group (group IV). All subjects were submitted to urine analysis, blood glucose levels, HbA1c, liver function tests, serum creatinine, uric acid, lipid profile and calculation of eGFR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), and measurement of urinary and serum ZAG. Results: The levels of serum and urine ZAG were higher in patients with T2DM compared to control subjects and a statistically significant difference among studied groups regarding serum and urinary ZAG was found. Urine ZAG levels were positively correlated with UACR. Both ZAG levels were negatively correlated with eGFR. Urine ZAG levels in the eGFR ˃ 120 mL/min/1.73m2 subgroup were higher than that in the normal eGFR subgroup. Conclusion: These findings suggest that urine and serum ZAG might be useful as early biomarkers for detection of DN in T2DM patients, detectable earlier than microalbuminuria.

Resumo Introdução: Embora a microalbuminúria continue sendo o padrão ouro para a detecção precoce da nefropatia diabética (ND), ela não é um preditor suficientemente preciso do risco de ND. Assim, novos biomarcadores para prever mais precocemente o risco de ND e possivelmente evitar a ocorrência de doença renal terminal estão sendo investigados. Objetivo: Investigar a zinco-alfa2-glicoproteína (ZAG) como marcador precoce de ND em pacientes com debates mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Métodos: Os 88 indivíduos incluídos foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo controle (Grupo I), composto por voluntários saudáveis normais; e três grupos de pacientes com DM2 assim divididos: grupo normoalbuminúria (Grupo II), subdivididos em TFG normal e TFG > 120 mL/min/1,73 m2), grupo microalbuminúria (Grupo III) e grupo macroalbuminúria (Grupo IV). Todos foram submetidos a urinálise e exames para determinar glicemia, HbA1c, função hepática, creatinina sérica, ácido úrico, perfil lipídico, cálculo da TFG, relação albumina/creatinina (RAC) e dosagem urinária e sérica de ZAG. Resultados: Os níveis séricos e urinários de ZAG foram mais elevados nos pacientes com DM2 em comparação aos controles. Foi identificada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos estudados em relação aos níveis séricos e urinários de ZAG. Os níveis urinários de ZAG foram positivamente correlacionados com a RAC. Ambos os níveis de ZAG foram negativamente correlacionados com TFG. Os níveis urinários de ZAG no subgrupo com TFG ˃ 120 mL/min/1,73m2 foram maiores do que no subgrupo com TFG normal. Conclusão: Constatamos que a ZAG sérica e urinária pode ser um útil biomarcador precoce para detecção de ND em pacientes com DM2, sendo detectável mais precocemente que microalbuminúria.